{"id":98,"date":"2018-04-04T09:09:24","date_gmt":"2018-04-04T09:09:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/boxbiba.co.uk\/?page_id=98"},"modified":"2018-04-04T09:09:24","modified_gmt":"2018-04-04T09:09:24","slug":"direct-hits-to-the-head-during-amateur-boxing-is-associated-with-a-rise-in-serum-biomarkers-for-brain-injury","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/boxbiba.co.uk\/?page_id=98","title":{"rendered":"Direct Hits To The Head During Amateur Boxing Is Associated With A Rise In Serum Biomarkers For Brain Injury"},"content":{"rendered":"
Graham MR<\/a>1<\/sup>, Myers T<\/a>, Evans P<\/a>, Davies B<\/a>, Cooper SM<\/a>, Bhattacharya K<\/a>, Grace FM<\/a>, Baker JS<\/a>.<\/div>\n
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Author information<\/span><\/a><\/h3>\n
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Abstract<\/h3>\n
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Boxing exposes participants to the physiological response to high intensity exercise and also to direct body and brain trauma. Amateur boxing is increasing and females have also been included in the Olympics. The aim of this study is to assess the stress response and possible brain injury incurred during a match by measuring serum biomarkers associated with stress and cellular brain injury before and after combat. Sixteen male amateur boxers were studied retrospectively. The study population was divided into two groups: (a) a group that received predominantly punches to the head (PTH) and (b) a group that received predominantly punches to the body (PTB). Blood samples were taken before and five minutes after each contest. They were analysed for S-100B, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), creatine kinase (CK) and cortisol. The PTH group received direct contacts to the head (not blocked, parried or avoided) and to the body (n=8, age: 17.6 \u00b1 5.3, years; height: 1.68 \u00b1 0.13, meters; mass: 65.4 \u00b1 20.3, kg). The PTB group received punches to the body including blocked and parried punches, but received no direct punches to the head, (n=8, mean \u00b1 SD, age: 19.1 \u00b1 3.2 years; height: 1.70 \u00b1 0.75, meters; mass: 68.5 \u00b1 15 kg). Significant increases (P<0.05) were observed between pre- and post-combat serum concentrations in serum concentrations in PTH of S-100B (0.35 \u00b1 0.61 vs. 0.54 \u00b1 0.73, \u03bcg.L-1) NSE (19.7 \u00b1 14 vs.31.1 \u00b1 26.6, ng.ml-1) and cortisol (373 \u00b1 202 vs. 756 \u00b1 93, nmol.L-1). Significant increases (P<0.05) of creatine kinase were recorded in both groups. This study demonstrates significant elevations in neurochemical biomarkers in boxers who received direct blows to the head. However, further work is required to quantify this volumetric brain damage and long term clinical sequelae.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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PMID:<\/dt>\n
21496394<\/dd>\n
DOI:<\/dt>\n
10.1177\/039463201102400114<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n
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[Indexed for MEDLINE]<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n

Download PDF Here.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Graham MR1, Myers T, Evans P, Davies B, Cooper SM, Bhattacharya K, Grace FM, Baker JS. Author information Abstract Boxing exposes participants to the physiological response to high intensity exercise and also to direct body and brain trauma. Amateur boxing is increasing and females have also been included in the Olympics. The aim of this […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":96,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/boxbiba.co.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/98"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/boxbiba.co.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/boxbiba.co.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/boxbiba.co.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/boxbiba.co.uk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=98"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/boxbiba.co.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/98\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":99,"href":"https:\/\/boxbiba.co.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/98\/revisions\/99"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/boxbiba.co.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/96"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/boxbiba.co.uk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=98"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}